Narrative therapy is a form of psychotherapy that views people as separate from their problems and focuses on the stories they tell about their lives. Developed by Michael White and David Epston, this therapeutic approach emphasizes the power of narrative in shaping an individual’s identity and experiences. By re-authoring these narratives, clients can transform their relationships with their problems and discover new possibilities for their lives.
Key Principles of Narrative Therapy
Externalization
Separates the person from the problem.
Helps clients see their issues as external to themselves, allowing for a more objective and compassionate perspective.
Deconstruction
Breaks down dominant narratives to uncover underlying assumptions and cultural influences.
Examines how these narratives have been constructed and sustained.
Re-Authoring
Encourages clients to create new, empowering stories about their lives.
Focuses on identifying strengths, resources, and positive experiences.
Unique Outcomes
Highlights moments when the problem was not present or when the client handled it successfully.
Uses these exceptions to build a more empowering narrative.
Collaborative Approach
Views the therapist and client as co-authors of the therapeutic process.
Emphasizes collaboration, respect, and curiosity.
Social and Cultural Context
Considers the influence of societal, cultural, and political factors on the client’s narrative.
Addresses issues of power, privilege, and oppression.
Techniques and Practices in Narrative Therapy
Storytelling and Re-Authoring
Encourages clients to share their stories and explore their meanings.
Helps clients reframe and rewrite their narratives in more empowering ways.
Externalizing Conversations
Uses language that separates the problem from the person (e.g., “The Anger” instead of “My Anger”).
Engages clients in dialogues about the influence of the problem on their lives.
Mapping the Influence
Explores how the problem has affected different areas of the client’s life.
Identifies the ways in which the client has responded to the problem.
Identifying Unique Outcomes
Searches for instances when the client was able to overcome or resist the problem.
Uses these moments to build a new narrative of strength and resilience.
Letter Writing
Encourages clients to write letters to themselves, others, or even the problem.
Uses letter writing as a tool for reflection, expression, and re-authoring.
Goals of Narrative Therapy
Empowerment
Helping clients see themselves as capable and resourceful.
Encouraging a sense of agency and control over their lives.
Identity Reconstruction
Facilitating the development of a more positive and coherent sense of self.
Promoting self-acceptance and self-compassion.
Resilience and Strength
Highlighting clients’ strengths, resources, and coping strategies.
Building resilience and confidence in dealing with future challenges.
New Possibilities
Opening up new ways of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Encouraging clients to envision and pursue their preferred futures.
Community and Connection
Strengthening clients’ connections with supportive people and communities.
Fostering a sense of belonging and mutual support.